0%

of UK adults report waking unrefreshed most mornings

0 min

average delay in melatonin onset from evening screen exposure

0–5

complete sleep cycles per night for adequate restoration

0 days

typical time for circadian system to adapt to a new wake time

Things that actually need explaining

The 14:00–16:00 dip is built into your circadian architecture, not a sign that you didn't sleep enough. Core body temperature follows a biphasic curve with a slight trough mid-afternoon. Most cultures that allow short naps at this window report better evening alertness and fewer sleep-onset problems at night.
Brief awakenings between cycles are normal and mostly not remembered. The problem is when you can't return to sleep within 15–20 minutes — which is usually a cortisol or body temperature issue, not a structural sleep disorder. Lying still in the dark without checking the clock helps more than any supplement.
More than most people expect. Caffeine has a half-life of roughly five to six hours in most adults, though genetic variation (the CYP1A2 enzyme) means this ranges from three to nine hours. A 3pm coffee at the higher end of that range still has 25% of its adenosine-blocking effect at midnight. Earlier intake, same total amount — usually better outcomes.
Slow-wave sleep (N3) is when the glymphatic system flushes cerebrospinal fluid through the brain, clearing metabolic waste including amyloid proteins. It's also when growth hormone releases peak and tissue repair accelerates. Deep sleep is disproportionately front-loaded — your first two cycles carry most of it. Early sleep deprivation costs you more slow-wave than late sleep deprivation.